Distinction between Various Types of Diabetes – Best Nursing Solutions(2022)

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Discussion:

To Prepare

Review the Resources for this module and reflect on differences between types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes.

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Solution

Distinction between Various Types of Diabetes

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The distinction between Various Types of Diabetes

The endocrine system comprises glands like the pituitary, thyroid, and pancreas, amongst others. Once the system malfunctions, disorders include but are not limited to diabetes, osteoporosis, thyroid cancer, and Graves’ disease. Notable among these is insulin production and action whose overproduction or underproduction is responsible for imbalanced glucose homeostasis leading to diabetes. Healthcare statistics rank diabetes as the seventh leading cause of death globally and in the US (Li et al., 2019).  Consequently, this discussion post purpose of exploring endocrine system disorders with a particular bias towards diabetes.

Muhktar et al. (2019) opine that Diabetes mellitus (DM) ranks as one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders that interferes with the body’s ability to manufacture or use insulin whose clinic manifestation differs depending on the type of diabetes involved.DM is divided into two main categories: Type 1 or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or Type 2 or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

Other subgroups of DM include gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and Juvenile diabetes bringing the total number to four. In terms of clinical features, T1DM differs from T2DM in several ways, of which only two will be examined. T1DM symptoms usually have their onset in childhood or young adulthood instead of those of T2DM, whose onset is usually adulthood. Episodes of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar level) are common in T1DM, which contrasts with T2DM cases in that it is rare unless the patient is taking insulin or some other diabetes medication.

On the other hand, GDM differs from the different types of DM in that its cause is pregnancy, with physicians spotting it in middle or late pregnancy.  Lastly, JDM is so-called because it manifests itself before 18 years and usually points to T1DM, although nowadays, even T2DM appears before adulthood. As a chronic autoimmune condition emanating from inadequate pancreatic insulin, T1DM requires both regular and lifelong insulin administration to prevent hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and metabolic decompensation (Chiang et al., 2018).

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While many insulin types prepared can be of different origin, this post prefers the neutral insulin (quick-acting) type of human origin, which is then administered through injection. In addition to the insulin administration, the patient should also adhere to a T1DM friendly meal plan that avoids sodas, trans fats, and simple carbohydrates while taking foods like brown rice, whole wheat, fruits, and vegetables, to mention just but a few(Chiang et al., 2018).

According to Iqbal et al. (2018), some of the short effects of T1DM, which lead to early symptoms include a rapid heartbeat, dizziness, lightheadedness, sweating, chills, and a pale face. The patient should take a glucose tablet, a sweet drink, or candy to relieve the symptoms as lack of treatment can lead to seizures, loss of consciousness, or coma. Giwa et al. (2020) further observe that the long term effects of poorly managed T1DM include micro- and macrovascular complications like retinopathy and nephropathy.

Studies also point out that intensive insulin therapy enhances patient outcomes in T1DM cases through better glycemic control and decreased risk of complications (Laranjeira et al., 2018). On the negative side, Polsky & Ellis (2015) opine that long-term insulin administration is associated with increased weight gain.

In conclusion, it is essential to acknowledge that the endocrine system disorders present a significant health challenge in the 21st century. Most importantly, Diabetes Mellitus knowledge is needed so that both healthcare professionals and patients can identify the signs and symptoms that accompany each of the four types, namely T1DM, T2DM. GDM and JDM to treat and manage each class, respectively.

As insulin medication occupies a central role in the effective management of DM, once should be aware of the benefits as well as the side effects hence the need to incorporate non-pharmacological interventions in the insulin-based therapy.

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References

Chiang, J. L., Maahs, D. M., Garvey, K. C., Hood, K. K., Laffel, L. M., Weinzimer, S. A., … & Schatz, D. (2018). Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 41(9), 2026-2044.

Giwa, A. M., Ahmed, R., Omidian, Z., Majety, N., Karakus, K. E., Omer, S. M., … & Hamad, A. R. A. (2020). Current understandings of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: Genetics to environment. World Journal of Diabetes, 11(1), 13.

Iqbal, A., Novodvorsky, P., & Heller, S. R. (2018). Recent updates on type 1 diabetes mellitus management for clinicians. Diabetes & metabolism journal, 42(1), 3-18.

Laranjeira, F. O., de Andrade, K. R., Figueiredo, A. C., Silva, E. N., & Pereira, M. G. (2018). Long-acting insulin analogues for type 1 diabetes: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PloS one, 13(4), e0194801.

Li, S., Wang, J., Zhang, B., Li, X., & Liu, Y. (2019). Diabetes mellitus and cause-specific mortality: a population-based study. Diabetes & metabolism journal, 43(3), 319-341.

Mukhtar, Y., Galalain, A., & Yunusa, U. (2019). A modern overvİew on dİabetes mellİtus: a chronic endocrine disorder. European Journal of Biology, 4(1), 1-14.

Polsky, S., & Ellis, S. L. (2015). Obesity, insulin resistance, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, 22(4), 277-282.

Unnikrishnan, A. G. (2016). Diabetes secondary to endocrine and pancreatic disorders. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 143(5), 670.

Question – Distinction between Various Types of Diabetes

Discussion:

To Prepare

• Review the Resources for this module and reflect on differences between types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes.
• Select one type of diabetes to focus on for this Discussion.
• Consider one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Then, reflect on dietary considerations related to treatment.
• Think about the short-term and long-term impact of the diabetes you selected on patients, including effects of drug treatments.

Post a brief explanation of the differences between the types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes. Describe one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Be sure to include dietary considerations related to treatment. Then, explain the short-term and long-term impact of this type of diabetes on patients. including effects of drug treatments. Be specific and provide examples.

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